ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Networking ဆုိတာ ဘာလဲ?

Networking ဆုိတာဘာလဲ၊ အဓိပၸါယ္ ဖြင့္ဆုိမယ္ဆုိရင္... ကမ ၻာေပၚရွိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား၊ Networking ဆုိတာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ႏွစ္လုံး (သုိ႔) အဲဒီထက္အမ်ားၾကီး ပုိတဲ့ တစ္လုံးႏွင့္တစ္လုံး အမ်ားအျပား ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ႏုိင္ရန္ တည္ေဆာက္ေပးထားေသာ စံနစ္ၾကီးတစ္ခုပါ၊ Networking ရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကေတာ့ အခ်ိတ္အဆက္မိထားတဲ့ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္း သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား ဖလွယ္ၾကဖုိ႔ပါ၊ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ဖုိင္အျပန္အလွန္ ပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေပးရန္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား၏ စက္ပစၥည္းႏွင့္ ပရုိဂရမ္မ်ား ေပါင္းစပ္ထားေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

Area Networks

ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network မ်ားကုိ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ မတူညီေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္ အုပ္စုဖြဲ႕ထားေပးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။
နည္းလမ္းတစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္ သတ္မွတ္ျပီး ခ်ည္းကပ္ရန္ Network နည္းစံနစ္မ်ားအရ ေျမပုံတည္ေနရာမ်ားအလုိက္  ၄င္းကုိ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားၾကပါတယ္။

 Local area networks (LANs)
တစ္ဆက္တစ္စပ္တည္းပုံစံျဖင့္ တည္ရွိေနေသာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မူပုံစံ (Local Area Networks) ဥပမာ။ ။ ေယဘုယအားျဖင့္ အိမ္တအိမ္တြင္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း၊ စာသင္ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၊ (သုိ႔) ေသးငယ္ေသာ ရုံးအဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားအတြင္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း။
 
 wide area networks (WANs)
ၾကီးမား က်ယ္ျပန္႕ေသာ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္မ်ိဳး။ Wide area Network တစ္ျမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ တျမိဳ႕၊ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုႏွင့္ တစ္ခု၊ ေနာက္ဆုံး ႏုိင္ငံ တစ္ႏုိင္ငံႏွင့္ တစ္ႏုိင္ငံ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားေသာ စံနစ္၊ တနည္း အင္တာနက္ ဆုိတာလည္း ကမ ၻာအၾကီးဆုံး ျပည္သူမ်ား ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ Network စံနစ္တစ္ခုပင္ျဖစ္သည္။ 

Network Design

Network ဒီဇုိင္း ။ ။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network လည္းဘဲ ၄င္းစံနစ္ကုိ ခ်ည္းကပ္ဖုိ႔နည္းလမ္းေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
Network ဒီဇုိင္း ပုံစံကုိ Client / server ႏွင့္ Peer-to-peer ဆုိျပီး ေခၚႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ (Client-server) Network  စနစ္မ်ားကုိ Server ဗဟုိမွ အဓိက ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးၾကပါတယ္။
Server မွ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးႏုိင္တာကေတာ့ e-mail (အီးေမးလ္)၊ Web pages (အင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ား)၊ ဖုိင္ႏွင့္ အျခားေသာ အသုံးခ် program မ်ားတုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။ 
Peer-to-peer Network စနစ္မ်ားတြင္ အျပန္အလွန္အားျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားအားလုံးသည္ တူညီေသာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ဖုိ႔ ရည္ရြယ္ထားေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Client / server စံနစ္ကုိ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားမွာ အဓိကအသုံးျပဳျပီး၊ Peer-to-peer စံနစ္မ်ားကုိေတာ့ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ အိမ္ႏွင့္ အေသးစားရုံးမ်ားတြင္ အသုံးျပဳေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ 

Network topology
 Network တည္ေဆာက္ပုံအရ ေနရာသတ္မွတ္မွဳမ်ားကုိ ကိုယ္စားျပဳၾကပါတယ္ (သုိ႔) အခ်က္အလက္စီးဆင္းပုံ ဦးတည္ခ်က္ပုံစံကုိ မူတည္ျပီး တည္ေဆာက္ထားၾကပါတယ္။  bus networks တစ္ခုကုိ ဥပမာေပးၾကည့္မယ္  ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား အားလုံး တစ္ခုတည္းေသာေနရာမွ သြယ္တန္းျပီး မွ ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲေသာ စံနစ္ပုံစံပါ တနည္း မ်ဥ္းေၾကာင္းတစ္ေၾကာင္းတည္းတြင္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ စံနစ္မ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Star Network မ်ားသည္ ဗဟုိမွ အဓိကထိမ္းခ်ဳပ္ထားျပီး အခ်က္အလက္ မ်ား စီးဆင္းေစေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။  ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ network topologies မွာ Bus, Star, ring networks ႏွင့္ Mesh networks မ်ားလည္း ပါ၀င္ၾကပါတယ္။

Network Protocols

Network Protocols    ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းမ်ား အသုံးျပဳေစျပီး  ဘာသာစကားမ်ားျဖင့္  Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းကုိ Network Protocols လုိ႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ အဲဒီမွာ မျပီးဆုံးေသးဘဲ Computer Network စံနစ္ကုိ အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္လည္း ခဲြျခားႏုိင္ပါေသးတယ္ အဲဒါကလည္း Protocols စံနစ္မွ သတ္မွတ္ေပးထားျခင္းပါ။ Network တြင္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ  Protocols မွ သီးျခားေသာ applications မ်ားအတြက္ အသီးသီး အေထာက္အပံ့ေပးထားျခင္းဟာ ျပည့္စုံေစေသာ အရာတစ္ခုပါ။ အဲဒီအထဲမွာ ေရပန္းစားတာကေတာ့ TCP/IP ပါဘဲ အိမ္သုံး အင္တာနက္စံနစ္ကုိ အသုံးအမ်ားဆုံး Protocols တစ္ခုပါဘဲ။ 

Home Networking

Home Networking (အိမ္သုံး ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ network) network အင္ဂ်င္နီယာမ်ားကပင္ Network မ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးၾကျပီး ၊ ထိန္းသိမ္း ျပဳဳျပင္ေပးၾကသည္။ အိမ္သုံးကြန္ယက္စံနစ္ကုိ ထုံးတမ္းစဥ္လာမ်ားအရ Network တပ္ဆင္သုံး အိမ္ပုိင္ရွင္မွ ပုိင္ဆုိင္ၾကပါသည္။  အနည္းငယ္ေသာ လူတစ္စု (သုိ႔) နည္းပညာရွင္မ်ား မဟုတ္ၾကသူမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကပါသည္။ Broadband router (wifi စက္) အမ်ားစုမွာ ကုမၸဏီအမ်ားစု မတူညီေသာ  အိမ္သုံး Network မ်ားအတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ျပီး တပ္ဆင္ထားၾကပါတယ္၊ Broadband Internet( ျမန္ႏႈန္းျမင့္ ၂၄ နာရီလုံးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ အင္တာနက္လုိင္း) မ်ားကုိအသုံးျပဳျပီး အိမ္သုံး အင္တာနက္ၾကိဳးမဲ့လုိင္းစက္ (broadband routers) မွ အိမ္ခန္းတစ္ခန္းႏွင့္တစ္ခန္းကုိ ျပည့္၀ေသာ လုိင္းအားျပည့္ စနစ္မ်ားျဖင့္ တျပိဳင္တည္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပး ထားၾကပါတယ္၊ အဲဒီ (Network) ကြန္ယက္ အတြင္းမွာဘဲ Printers မ်ား ၊ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ား လြယ္ကူစြာပင္ ေမွ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲျခင္းေပးပုိ႔ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ Network လုံျခဳံမွဳစံနစ္ကုိလည္း ကူညီေပးႏုိင္ၾကပါတယ္။
 
Home networks (အိမ္သုံး Network) စံနစ္မွာ   မ်ိဳးဆက္တစ္ခုခ်င္းစီ၏ နည္းပညာအသစ္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္မ်ားဟာ အစဥ္ဖြံ႕ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္လွ်က္ရွိေနပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏွစ္မ်ားစြာက ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ Home network ကုိ လက္ရွိအသုံးျပဳမည္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအတြက္သည္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားေလ့ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားႏွင့္ Printer မ်ားကုိ မွ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲျခင္းမ်ားလည္း ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အခုကာလမွာေတာ့ အိမ္ေထာင္စုမ်ားအတြက္ Network ဂိမ္းကစားျခင္းမ်ား၊ ဗီြဒီယုိမွတ္တမ္းမ်ား၊ Smartphone မ်ားမွ အသံႏွင့္ ဗြီဒီယုိမ်ားကုိ တုိက္ရုိက္ၾကည့္ရႈအသုံးျပဳေနၾကပါျပီ၊ အလုိအေလ်ာက္ အိမ္သုံးစံနစ္မ်ားတြင္လည္း အဲဒီႏွစ္မ်ားစြာအတြက္ ရွိႏွင့္ခဲ့ျပီးလည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့လုိ႔ အဲ့ဒီစနစ္ဟာ အလြန္အမင္းဘဲ ေခတ္ေရစီးအရ ၾကီးထြားျမန္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ မီးပြိဳင့္မ်ား၊ ဒီစကုိမီးမ်ား၊ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္းဟာလည္း လက္ေတြ႕က်ေသာ Network စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဒီဂ်ီတယ္ အပူခ်ိန္တုိင္းကိရိယာမ်ား၊ မီးဖုိေခ်ာင္သုံးပစၥည္းမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Business Networks

 
 Business Networks (စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းသုံး ကြန္ယက္) ေသးငယ္ေသာ ရုံးမ်ား၊ အိမ္မ်ား၏ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္တြင္ တူညီေသာ network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မူကုိ အေျခခံခဲ့ပါတယ္။ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး ကြန္ယက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳကုိ ထပ္တုိးခ်ဲမႈ ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အခ်က္လက္မ်ား သုိေလွာင္ျခင္း၊ လုံျခဳံေရး လုိအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ျဖည့္ဆည္းဖုိ႔ သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕ Network မ်ားကုိ အျခားေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္  တုိးခ်ဲခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္၊ အစဥ္သျဖင့္ သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕စီးပြားေရးမ်ား ပုိျပီး ၾကီးမားလာခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Home Network မ်ားကုိ ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ Lan (Local area Network) တစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ လုပ္ကုိင္ၾကပါတယ္။ Business Network စီးပြားေရး ကြန္ယက္မွာေတာ့ LANs အမ်ားအျပားကုိ ပါရွိဖုိ႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကပါတယ္၊ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားမွာ ၄င္းအေဆာက္အဦး၏ တည္ေဆာက္ပုံအရ ေနရာအမ်ားအျပားကုိ Wide-area-network (ေနရာက်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း) စံနစ္ကုိ သုံးျပီး သူတုိ႔၏ ရုံးခဲြမ်ားကုိ အတူတကြ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕အိမ္ေထာင္စုမ်ား ၄င္းစံနစ္ကုိ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ အသုံးျပဳၾကပါတယ္၊ (Voice over IP) အုိင္ပီစံနစ္ျဖင့္ အသံျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း ႏွင့္ Network တြင္ သိမ္းဆည္းျခင္းႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကုိ နည္းပညာျဖင့္ Backup သိမ္းဆည္းေပးျခင္း။ ပုိျပီးၾကီးမားေသာ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားမွာလည္း သူတုိ႔၏ ကိုယ္ပုိင္ Website မ်ားကုိ ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာက္ေရွာက္ၾကပါတယ္၊ Intranets ဟုေခၚေသာ မိမိကုမၸဏီ၏ စီးပြားေရး ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္း သီးသန္႕စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ားမွ ကုမၸဏီ ၀န္ထမ္းမ်ားကုိ ကူညီေပးေစပါတယ္။

Networking and the Internet

    
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Networking စံနစ္ သိသိသာသာ ေရပန္းစားခဲ့ မွဳဟာ  ၁၉၉၀ ခု အေစာပုိင္းမွာ WWW( World Wide Web) စံနစ္တီထြင္လာမွဳေၾကာင့္ပါဘဲ။ ျပည္သူပုိင္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ား ၊ Peer to peer (P2P) မွ ဖုိင္မ်ား မွ်ေ၀ျခင္းစံနစ္၊ ႏွင့္ အေရးျပီး အျခားေသာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မွဳမ်ားကုိ အင္တာနက္ Sever မွတဆင့္ ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္းလုံးအတြက္ အက်ိဳးျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ 

Wired versus  Wireless Networking

ၾကိဳးစံနစ္ ႏွင့္ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း၊ Network Protocols အမ်ားအျပားမွာ တူညီေသာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳမာ်း ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ၊ TCP/IP, ၄င္းစံနစ္ဟာ အင္တာနက္စံနစ္ကုိၾကိဳး (သုိ႕) ၾကိဳးမဲ့ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈအတြက္ပါ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊ အိမ္မ်ား၊ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားအတြက္ Ethernet ၾကိဳးစံနစ္  Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းကုိ ဆယ္စုႏွစ္မ်ားစြာျဖတ္သန္းေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ပုိျပီး ပစၥဳပၸန္က်တာကေတာ့ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းစံနစ္ဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳ နယ္ပယ္အသစ္တြင္ နည္းပညာ၏ ပထမတန္းအဆင့္မွာ ရပ္တည္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ၄င္းစံနစ္မ်ားတြင္ Smartphone အေထာက္အပံ့တစ္ခုပင္ျဖစ္ျပီး ၾကိဳးမဲ့ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းအသြင္သစ္မ်ားလည္း Mobile Networking နယ္ပယ္အသစ္တစ္ခုအတြက္ အစပ်ိဳးေျခလွစ္သစ္တစ္ခုကုိ စတင္ေပးခဲ့သည္မဟုတ္ပါလား....။

  

What is Wireless Computer Networking?

Question: What is Wireless Computer Networking?
Answer: Wireless is a more modern alternative to traditional wired networking that relies on cables to connect networkable devices together. Wireless technologies are widely used in both home and business computer networks.
ေမးခြန္း။ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈဆုိတာဘာလဲ။
အေျဖ။ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္္ဆက္မႈကြန္ယက္ဆုိတာ ဘက္စုံသုံး အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ Modern ျဖင့္ ၾကိဳးျဖင့္ခ်ိတ္္ဆက္ကြန္ယက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျပီး ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ကြန္ယက္ကို ပူးတြဲတပ္ဆင္ေပးထားႏုိင္သည္။ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစနစ္ကုိ အိမ္ႏွင့္ရုံး စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ က်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္အသုံးျပဳၾကသည္။

Types of Wireless 

Network Technologies

A variety of technologies have been developed to support wireless networking in different usages including:

• Wi-Fi, especially popular in home networks and as a wireless hotspot technology
• Bluetooth, for low power and embedded applications
• wireless home automation standards like ZigBee and Z-Wave

More - Guide to Wireless Network Protocols

ကြန္ယက္နည္းပညာမ်ား
အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာနည္းပညာမ်ားသည္ ဆက္လက္ဖြံ႕ျဖိဳးတုိးတက္လွ်က္ရွိသည္ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းဆီသုိ႔ မတူညီေသာ ပုံစံျဖင့္ ေထာက္ပံ့ေပးထားပါတယ္။
Wi-Fi အထူးသျဖင့္ အိမ္သုံးကြန္ယက္တြင္ အထူးသျဖင့္ ေရပန္းစားတာကေတာ့ Wifi ပါဘဲ၊ Hotspot နည္းပညာပါဘဲ။
Bluetooth နည္းပညာတြင္ ဘက္ထရီစားသုံးမႈသက္သာေစေသာ ခ်ိတ္္္ဆက္ျခင္း။
ၾကိဳးမဲ့အိမ္သုံးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းသည္ ZigBee ႏွင့္ Z-Wave ကုိ စံအျဖစ္ထားၾကသည္။

Advantages of Wireless over Wired Networking

 A wireless computer network offers several distinct advantages compared to
a wired network but is not without downsides Advantages of wireless technology include mobility (portability and freedom of movement) and elimination of unsightly cables. Disadvantages of wireless include additional security concerns, plus the potential for radio interference (due to weather, other wireless devices, or obstructions like walls).

ၾကိဳးႏွင့္ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္္္ဆက္ျခင္းေကာင္းက်ိဳးမ်ား

ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္တြင္ လက္ခံမႈကုိ အမ်ိဳမ်ိဳးရွိပါတယ္။ ႏႈိင္းယွဥ္ၾကည့္မယ္ဆုိရင္ ၾကိဳးျဖင့္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္တြင္ ေဘးထြက္ဆုိးက်ိဳးမရွိပါ။ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္္္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္တြင္ ေကာင္းက်ိဳးကေတာ့ မုိဘုိင္းလ္ နည္းပညာစံနစ္အသုံးျပဳျခင္း ေပါ့ပါးျခင္း၊ သယ္သြားသယ္လား လြတ္လပ္ျခင္း။ ၾကိဳးမ်ားတုိ႔ျဖင့္ ေႏွာင္ဖြဲ႕မႈ မရွိျခင္း၊ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈ၏ ဆုိးက်ိဳးကေတာ့ လုံျခဳံမႈအထူးလုိအပ္ပါတယ္၊ ရာသီဥတုမေကာင္းလွ်င္ လုိင္းအားအတက္အက်ရွိႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ အထူးသျဖင့္ အကာအကြယ္ အတားအဆီးရိွလွ်င္ ေပးပုိ႕ေသာ လုိင္းအား အျပည့္အ၀မေရာက္ႏုိင္ျခင္းတုိ႔ပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

More - Wired vs. Wireless Computer Networking

Wireless Internet Service

Traditional forms of Internet service rely on telephone lines, cable television lines, and fiber optic cables. While the underlying core of the Internet remains wired, several alternative forms of Internet technology utilize wireless to connect homes and businesses.More - Introduction to Wireless Internet Services

ၾကိဳးမဲ့ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္
ရုိးရာ ခ်ိတ္္ဆက္မႈ ၾကိဳးစံနစ္မွ အင္တာနက္ ၀န္ေဆာင္မႈသည္ တယ္လီဖုန္းၾကိဳးလုိင္းကုိ မွီခုိသည္။ တနည္း အိမ္သုံး ရုပ္သံၾကိဳးလုိင္းမွ အင္တာနက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈ၊ ဖုိင္ဘာ အင္တာနက္ ဆက္ေၾကာင္းစံနစ္။
အဲဒီစနစ္မ်ားဟာ ၾကိဳးမ်ားျဖင့္ တုိက္ရိုက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျပီး အသုံးျပဳေသာ စံနစ္မ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။ ခ်ိတ္္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္ပုံစံမ်ားဟာ ပုံစံမ်ိဳးစုံလင္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းဟာ အိမ္ႏွင့္ စီးပါြးေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏ အဓိက အစိတ္အပုိင္းမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါသည္။

Wireless Network Hardware

To build or tap into a wireless network requires certain types of computer hardware. Portable devices like phones and tablets feature built-in wireless radios. Wireless broadband routers power many home networks. Other kinds of equipment include external adapters and range extenders.More - Types of Wireless Network Equipment

ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ရန္ လုိရန္ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းမ်ား

တည္ေဆာက္ရန္လုိအပ္ေသာ ပစၥည္းမ်ားမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ စက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား၏ ပုိ႔ပါးေသာ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းႏွင့္အလားသ႑ာန္တူေသာ ဖုန္းႏွင့္Tables မ်ားတြင္ ပါ၀င္ေသာ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ ေရဒီယုိစနစ္၊ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ Wireless Broadband  Router မ်ားသည္ အိမ္မ်ားအတြက္ အသုံးျပဳၾကေလ့ရွိသည္။ အျခားအမ်ိဳးအစားမ်ား နက္၀က္လုိင္းမ်ားကုိ ဆက္လက္ခ်ဲ႕ ေပးေသာ Rage Extenders မ်ား။ 

How Wireless Works

Wireless technologies employ radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communication channels between computers. While many technical details behind wireless protocols like Wi-Fi often aren't important to understand, knowing the basics can be very helpful when configuring a network and troubleshooting problems.More - Useful Facts About How Wi-Fi Works

ၾကိဳးမဲ့ကြန္ယက္ဘယ္လုိ အလုပ္လုပ္ေဆာင္
ၾကိဳးမဲ့နည္းပညာတြင္ ေရဒီယုိ လႈိင္းမ်ားႏွင့္ Microwave မ်ားမွ လုိင္းမ်ားထုတ္လႊတ္မႈကုိ  ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာက္ေရွာက္ေပးၾကပါတယ္၊ နည္းပညာအေသးစိတ္ကုိ Wireless ေနာက္ကြယ္မွ Wifi ကဲ့သုိ႔ နည္းပညာမ်ားက အေရးၾကီးေသာ အစိတ္အပုိင္းအျဖစ္ တည္ရွိေနၾကပါတယ္၊ နားလည္သေဘာေပါက္ဖုိ႔လုိအပ္ပါတယ္ အေျခခံသိသင့္တာက ကြန္ယက္တည္ေဆာက္ျခင္းႏွင့္ ျပည္လည္ ျပင္ဆင္ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ လြယ္ကူေစပါသည္။

P2P Networking and P2P Software

P2P networking has generated tremendous interest worldwide among both Internet surfers and computer networking professionals. P2P software systems like Kazaa and Napster rank amongst the most popular software applications ever. Numerous businesses and Web sites have promoted "peer to peer" technology as the future of Internet networking.
Although they have actually existed for many years, P2P technologies promise to radically change the future of networking.

P2P file sharing software has also created much controversy over legality and "fair use." In general, experts disagree on various details of P2P and precisely how it will evolve in the future.

Traditional Peer to Peer Networks

The P2P acronym technically stands for peer to peer
 . Webopedia defines P2P as

• "A type of network in which each workstation has equivalent capabilities and responsibilities. This differs from client/server architectures, in which some computers are dedicated to serving the others."

This definition captures the traditional meaning of peer to peer networking. Computers in a peer to peer network are typically situated physically near to each other and run similar networking protocols and software. Before home networking became popular, only small businesses and schools built peer to peer networks.

Home Peer to Peer Networks

Most home computer networks today are peer to peer networks. Residential users configure their computers in peer workgroups to allow sharing of files, printers and other resources equally among all of the devices. Although one computer may act as a file server or Fax server at any given time, other home computers often have equivalent capability to handle those responsibilities.Both wired and wireless home networks qualify as peer to peer environments. Some may argue that the installation of a network router or similar centerpiece device means that network is no longer peer to peer. From the networking point of view, this is inaccurate. A router simply joins the home network to the Internet; it does not by itself change how resources within the network are shared.

P2P File Sharing Networks

When most people hear the term "P2P", they think not of traditional peer networks, but rather peer to peer file sharing over the Internet. P2P file sharing systems have become the single most popular class of Internet applications in this decade.A P2P network implements search and data transfer protocols above the Internet Protocol (IP). To access a P2P network, users simply download and install a suitable P2P client application.
Numerous P2P networks and P2P software applications exist. Some P2P applications work only with one P2P network, while others operate cross-network. Likewise, some P2P networks support only one application, while others support multiple applications.
Next page > More About P2P Networks and P2P Software > Page 1, 2

Introduction to Business Computer Networks

Just as many residential households have installed their own home networks, corporations and other types of businesses also utilize computer networks in their daily operations. Both residential and business networks run using many of the same underlying technologies. However, business networks (particularly those in larger corporations) incorporate additional features and usages.

Business Network Design

Small office and home office (SOHO) networks normally function with either one or two local area networks (LANs), each controlled by its own network router.

These match typical home network designs.

As businesses grow, their network layouts expand to increasingly larger numbers of LANs. Corporations based in more than one location set up internal connectivity between their office buildings, called a campus network when the buildings are in close proximity and a wide area network (WAN) when spanning across cities or countries.
Companies are increasingly enabling their local networks for Wi-Fi wireless access, although larger businesses also tend to wire their office buildings with high-speed Ethernet cabling for greater network capacity and performance.

Business Networks and the Internet

Most companies enable their employees to access the Internet from inside the business network. Some install Internet content filtering technology to block access to certain Web sites or domains. These filtering systems use a configurable database of Internet domain names (such as pornographic or gambling Web sites), addresses and content keywords deemed to violate the company acceptable use policy.

Some home network routers also support Internet content filtering features through their administration screens, but corporations tend to utilize more powerful and expensive third-party software solutions.

Businesses sometimes also enable employees to log into the company network from their homes or other external locations, a capability called remote access. A business can set up virtual private network (VPN) servers to support remote access, with employees' computers configured to use matching VPN client software and security settings.
Compared to home networks, business networks send out (upload) a much higher volume of data across the Internet resulting from transactions on company Web sites, email, and other data published externally. Residential Internet service plans normally supply their customers a significantly higher data rate for downloads in return for a lower rate on uploads, but business Internet plans allow higher upload rates for this reason.

Intranets and Extranets

Companies can set up internal Web servers to share private business information with employees. They may also put in place internal email, instant messaging (IM) and other private communication systems. Together these systems make a business intranet. Unlike Internet email, IM and Web services that are publicly available, intranet services can only be accessed by employees logged in to the network.
Advanced business networks also allow sharing certain controlled data between companies. Sometimes called extranets or business-to-business (B2B) networks, these communication systems involve remote access methods and/or log-in protected Web sites.

Business Network Security

Companies possess valuable private data making network security a priority. Security-conscious businesses usually take additional measures to protect their networks beyond what people do for their home networks.
To prevent unauthorized devices from joining a business network, companies employ centralized sign-on security systems. These require users to authenticate by entering passwords that are checked against a network directory, and they also can check a device's hardware and software configuration to verify it is authorized to join to network.
Company employees are notorious for making incredibly bad choices in their use of passwords, easily hacked names like "password1" and "welcome." To help protect the business network, company IT administrators set up password rules that any device joining it must follow. They also usually set the network passwords of their employees to expire periodically, forcing them to be changed, which is also intended to improve security. Finally, administrators sometimes also set up guest networks for visitors to use. Guest networks give visitors access to the Internet and some basic company information without allowing connections to critical company servers or other protected data.
Businesses utilize additional systems to improve their data security. Network backup systems regularly capture and archive critical business data from company devices and servers. Some companies require employees to set up VPN connections when using internal Wi-Fi networks, to guard against data being snooped over the air.

Business Networks and the Internet

Most companies enable their employees to access the Internet from inside the business network. Some install Internet content filtering technology to block access to certain Web sites or domains. These filtering systems use a configurable database of Internet domain names (such as pornographic or gambling Web sites), addresses and content keywords deemed to violate the company acceptable use policy.

Some home network routers also support Internet content filtering features through their administration screens, but corporations tend to utilize more powerful and expensive third-party software solutions.

Businesses sometimes also enable employees to log into the company network from their homes or other external locations, a capability called remote access. A business can set up virtual private network (VPN) servers to support remote access, with employees' computers configured to use matching VPN client software and security settings.
Compared to home networks, business networks send out (upload) a much higher volume of data across the Internet resulting from transactions on company Web sites, email, and other data published externally. Residential Internet service plans normally supply their customers a significantly higher data rate for downloads in return for a lower rate on uploads, but business Internet plans allow higher upload rates for this reason.

Intranets and Extranets

Companies can set up internal Web servers to share private business information with employees. They may also put in place internal email, instant messaging (IM) and other private communication systems. Together these systems make a business intranet. Unlike Internet email, IM and Web services that are publicly available, intranet services can only be accessed by employees logged in to the network.
Advanced business networks also allow sharing certain controlled data between companies. Sometimes called extranets or business-to-business (B2B) networks, these communication systems involve remote access methods and/or log-in protected Web sites.

Business Network Security

Companies possess valuable private data making network security a priority. Security-conscious businesses usually take additional measures to protect their networks beyond what people do for their home networks.
To prevent unauthorized devices from joining a business network, companies employ centralized sign-on security systems. These require users to authenticate by entering passwords that are checked against a network directory, and they also can check a device's hardware and software configuration to verify it is authorized to join to network.
Company employees are notorious for making incredibly bad choices in their use of passwords, easily hacked names like "password1" and "welcome." To help protect the business network, company IT administrators set up password rules that any device joining it must follow. They also usually set the network passwords of their employees to expire periodically, forcing them to be changed, which is also intended to improve security. Finally, administrators sometimes also set up guest networks for visitors to use. Guest networks give visitors access to the Internet and some basic company information without allowing connections to critical company servers or other protected data.
Businesses utilize additional systems to improve their data security. Network backup systems regularly capture and archive critical business data from company devices and servers. Some companies require employees to set up VPN connections when using internal Wi-Fi networks, to guard against data being snooped over the air.

Introduction to Client Server Networks

The term client-server refers to a popular model for computer networking that utilizes client and server devices each designed for specific purposes. The client-server model can be used on the Internet as well as local area networks (LANs). Examples of client-server systems on the Internet include Web browsers and Web servers, FTP clients and servers, and the DNS.

Client-Server ဆုိတဲ့အဓိပါယ္က

Client and Server Devices

Client/server networking grew in popularity many years ago as personal computers (PCs) became the common alternative to older mainframe computers.

Client devices are typically PCs with network software applications installed that request and receive information over the network. Mobile devices as well as desktop computers can both function as clients.

A server device typically stores files and databases including more complex applications like Web sites. Server devices often feature higher-powered central processors, more memory, and larger disk drives than clients.

Client-Server Applications

The client-server model organizes network traffic per client application and also per device. Network clients make requests to a server by sending messages, and servers respond to their clients by acting on each request and returning results. One server generally supports numerous clients, and multiple servers can be networked together in a pool to handle the increased processing load as the number of clients grows.
A client computer and a server computer are usually two separate devices, each customized for their designed purpose. For example, a Web client works best with a large screen display, while a Web server does not need any display at all and can be located anywhere in the world.

However, in some cases a given device can function both as a client and a server for the same application. Additionally, a device that is a server for one application can simultaneously act as a client to other servers, for different applications.

Some of the most popular applications on the Internet follow the client-server model including email, FTP and Web services. Each of these clients features a user interface (either graphic- or text-based) and a client application that allows the user to connect to servers. In the case of email and FTP, users enter a computer name (or sometimes an IP address) into the interface to set up connections to the server.

Local Client-Server Networks

Many home networks utilize client-server systems without even realizing it. Broadband routers, for example, contain DHCP servers that provide IP addresses to the home computers (DHCP clients). Other types of network servers found in home include print servers and backup servers.

Client-Server vs Peer-to-Peer and Other Models

 

The client-server model was originally developed to allow more users to share access to database applications. Compared to the mainframe approach, client-server offers improved scalability because connections can be made as needed rather than being fixed. The client-server model also supports modular applications that can make the job of creating software easier. In so-called "two tier" and "three tier" types of client-server systems, software applications are separated into modular pieces, and each piece is installed on clients or servers specialized for that subsystem.
Client-server is just one approach to managing network applications. The primary alternative to client-server, peer-to-peer networking, treats all devices as having equivalent capability rather than specialized client or server roles. Compared to client-server, peer to peer networks offer some advantages such as better flexibility in expanding the network to handle large number of clients. Client-server networks generally offer advantages over peer-to-peer as well, such as in the ability to keep data protected from attackers.

Introduction to Peer to Peer Networks

Peer to peer is an approach to computer networking where all computers share equivalent responsibility for processing data. Peer-to-peer networking (also known simply as peer networking) differs from client-server networking, where certain devices have responsibility for providing or "serving" data and other devices consume or otherwise act as "clients" of those servers.

Characteristics of a Peer Network

 Peer to peer networking is common on small local area networks (LANs), particularly home Network Both wired and wireless home

 networks can be configured as peer to peer environments.

Computers in a peer to peer network run the same networking protocols and software. Peer networks are also often situated physically near to each other, typically in homes, small businesses or schools. Some peer networks, however, utilize the Internet and are geographically dispersed worldwide.
Home networks that utilize broadband routers are hybrid peer to peer and client-server environments. The router provides centralized Internet connection sharing, but file, printer and other resource sharing is managed directly between the local computers involved.

Peer to Peer and P2P Networks

Internet-based peer to peer networks emerged in the 1990s due to the development of P2P file sharing networks like Napster. Technically, many P2P networks (including the original Napster) are not pure peer networks but rather hybrid designs as they utilize central servers for some functions such as search.

Peer to Peer and Ad Hoc Wi-Fi Networks

Wi-Fi wireless networks support so-called ad hoc connections between devices. Ad hoc Wi-Fi networks are pure peer to peer compared to those utilizing wireless routers as an intermediate device.

Benefits of a Peer to Peer Network

You can configure computers in peer to peer workgroups to allow sharing of files, printers and other resources across all of the devices. Peer networks allow data to be shared easily in both directions, whether for downloads to your computer or uploads from your computer.On the Internet, peer to peer networks handle a very high volume of file sharing traffic by distributing the load across many computers. Because they do not rely exclusively on central servers, P2P networks both scale better and are more resilient than client-server networks in case of failures or traffic bottlenecks.
See also - Introduction to Client-Server Networks

Introduction to LANs, WANs, and Other Kinds of Area Networks

One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:

• LAN - Local Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network

• WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network

• CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
• PAN - Personal Area Network

LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances
Note that network types differ from network topologies (such as bus, ring and star). (See also - Introduction to Network Topologies.)

LAN - Local Area Network

A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short distance. A networked office building, school, or home usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby buildings. In TCP/IP networking, a LAN is often but not always implemented as a single IP subnet.
In addition to operating in a limited space, LANs are also typically owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They also tend to use certain connectivity technologies, primarily Ethernet and Token Ring.

WAN - Wide Area Network

As the term implies, a WAN spans a large physical distance.

The Internet is the largest WAN, spanning the Earth.

A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN. In IP networking, the router maintains both a LAN address and a WAN address.
A WAN differs from a LAN in several important ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not owned by any one organization but rather exist under collective or distributed ownership and management. WANs tend to use technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for connectivity over the longer distances.

LAN, WAN and Home Networking

Residences typically employ one LAN and connect to the Internet WAN via an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using a broadband modem. The ISP provides a WAN IP address to the modem, and all of the computers on the home network use LAN (so-called private) IP addresses. All computers on the home LAN can communicate directly with each other but must go through a central network gateway, typically a broadband router, to reach the ISP.

Other Types of Area Networks

While LAN and WAN are by far the most popular network types mentioned, you may also commonly see references to these others:

• Wireless Local Area Network - a LAN based on Wi-Fi wireless network technology
• Metropolitan Area Network - a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is typically owned an operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.
• Campus Area Network - a network spanning multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university or local business campus.
• Storage Area Network - connects servers to data storage devices through a technology like Fibre Channel.
• System Area Network (also known as Cluster Area Network).- links high-performance computers with high-speed connections in a cluster configuration.

What is (Computer) Networking?

What is networking? Definition: In the world of computers, networking is the practice of interfacing two or more computing devices with each other for the purpose of sharing data. Computer networks are built with a combination of hardware and software.

Networking ဆုိတာဘာလဲ၊ အဓိပၸါယ္ ဖြင့္ဆုိမယ္ဆုိရင္... ကမ ၻာေပၚရွိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား၊ Networking ဆုိတာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ႏွစ္လုံး (သုိ႔) အဲဒီထက္အမ်ားၾကီး ပုိတဲ့ တစ္လုံးႏွင့္တစ္လုံး အမ်ားအျပား ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ႏုိင္ရန္ တည္ေဆာက္ေပးထားေသာ စံနစ္ၾကီးတစ္ခုပါ၊ Networking ရဲ႕ ရည္ရြယ္ခ်က္ကေတာ့ အခ်ိတ္အဆက္မိထားတဲ့ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားအခ်င္းခ်င္း သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား ဖလွယ္ၾကဖုိ႔ပါ၊ အခ်င္းခ်င္း ဖုိင္အျပန္အလွန္ ပုိ႔ေဆာင္ေပးရန္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား၏ စက္ပစၥည္းႏွင့္ ပရုိဂရမ္မ်ား ေပါင္းစပ္ထားေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

Area Networks (ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ပုံ နည္းလမ္းစံနစ္မ်ား)

Computer networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans.
ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network မ်ားကုိ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ မတူညီေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္ အုပ္စုဖြဲ႕ထားေပးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။
နည္းလမ္းတစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္ သတ္မွတ္ျပီး ခ်ည္းကပ္ရန္ Network နည္းစံနစ္မ်ားအရ ေျမပုံတည္ေနရာမ်ားအလုိက္  ၄င္းကုိ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားၾကပါတယ္။

 Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically span a single home, school, or small office building, whereas
တစ္ဆက္တစ္စပ္တည္းပုံစံျဖင့္ တည္ရွိေနေသာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မူပုံစံ (Local Area Networks) ဥပမာ။ ။ ေယဘုယအားျဖင့္ အိမ္တအိမ္တြင္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း၊ စာသင္ေက်ာင္းမ်ား၊ (သုိ႔) ေသးငယ္ေသာ ရုံးအဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ားအတြင္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း။

 wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN.
ၾကီးမား က်ယ္ျပန္႕ေသာ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈစံနစ္မ်ိဳး။ Wide area Network တစ္ျမိဳ႕ႏွင့္ တျမိဳ႕၊ ျပည္နယ္တစ္ခုႏွင့္ တစ္ခု၊ ေနာက္ဆုံး ႏုိင္ငံ တစ္ႏုိင္ငံႏွင့္ တစ္ႏုိင္ငံ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားေသာ စံနစ္၊ တနည္း အင္တာနက္ ဆုိတာလည္း ကမ ၻာအၾကီးဆုံး ျပည္သူမ်ား ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ Network စံနစ္တစ္ခုပင္ျဖစ္သည္။

Network Design

Computer networks also differ in their design approach. The two basic forms of network design are called client/server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

Network ဒီဇုိင္း ။ ။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network လည္းဘဲ ၄င္းစံနစ္ကုိ ခ်ည္းကပ္ဖုိ႔နည္းလမ္းေတြျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။
Network ဒီဇုိင္း ပုံစံကုိ Client / server ႏွင့္ Peer-to-peer ဆုိျပီး ေခၚႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ (Client-server) Network  စနစ္မ်ားကုိ Server ဗဟုိမွ အဓိက ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ေပးၾကပါတယ္။
Server မွ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးႏုိင္တာကေတာ့ e-mail (အီးေမးလ္)၊ Web pages (အင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ား)၊ ဖုိင္ႏွင့္ အျခားေသာ အသုံးခ် program မ်ားတုိ႔ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္။ 
Peer-to-peer Network စနစ္မ်ားတြင္ အျပန္အလွန္အားျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားအားလုံးသည္ တူညီေသာ ေဆာင္ရြက္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ဖုိ႔ ရည္ရြယ္ထားေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Client / server စံနစ္ကုိ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားမွာ အဓိကအသုံးျပဳျပီး၊ Peer-to-peer စံနစ္မ်ားကုိေတာ့ အမ်ားအားျဖင့္ အိမ္ႏွင့္ အေသးစားရုံးမ်ားတြင္ အသုံးျပဳေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ 

  A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device.
Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring networks and mesh networks.

 Network တည္ေဆာက္ပုံအရ ေနရာသတ္မွတ္မွဳမ်ားကုိ ကိုယ္စားျပဳၾကပါတယ္ (သုိ႔) အခ်က္အလက္စီးဆင္းပုံ ဦးတည္ခ်က္ပုံစံကုိ မူတည္ျပီး တည္ေဆာက္ထားၾကပါတယ္။  bus networks တစ္ခုကုိ ဥပမာေပးၾကည့္မယ္  ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ား အားလုံး တစ္ခုတည္းေသာေနရာမွ သြယ္တန္းျပီး မွ ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲေသာ စံနစ္ပုံစံပါ တနည္း မ်ဥ္းေၾကာင္းတစ္ေၾကာင္းတည္းတြင္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ စံနစ္မ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ Star Network မ်ားသည္ ဗဟုိမွ အဓိကထိမ္းခ်ဳပ္ထားျပီး အခ်က္အလက္ မ်ား စီးဆင္းေစေသာ စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။  ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ network topologies မွာ Bus, Star, ring networks ႏွင့္ Mesh networks မ်ားလည္း ပါ၀င္ၾကပါတယ္။

Network Protocols

Communication languages used by computer devices are called network protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols with each supporting specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks.
Network Protocols    ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းမ်ား အသုံးျပဳေစျပီး  ဘာသာစကားမ်ားျဖင့္  Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းကုိ Network Protocols လုိ႔ ေခၚပါတယ္။ အဲဒီမွာ မျပီးဆုံးေသးဘဲ Computer Network စံနစ္ကုိ အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္လည္း ခဲြျခားႏုိင္ပါေသးတယ္ အဲဒါကလည္း Protocols စံနစ္မွ သတ္မွတ္ေပးထားျခင္းပါ။ Network တြင္ အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ  Protocols မွ သီးျခားေသာ applications မ်ားအတြက္ အသီးသီး အေထာက္အပံ့ေပးထားျခင္းဟာ ျပည့္စုံေစေသာ အရာတစ္ခုပါ။ အဲဒီအထဲမွာ ေရပန္းစားတာကေတာ့ TCP/IP ပါဘဲ အိမ္သုံး အင္တာနက္စံနစ္ကုိ အသုံးအမ်ားဆုံး Protocols တစ္ခုပါဘဲ။

Home Networking

While other types of networks are built and maintained by engineers, home networks belong to ordinary homeowners, people often with little or no technical background. Various manufacturers produce broadband router hardware designed to simplify home network setup. Home broadband routers allow devices in different rooms to efficiently share a broadband Internet connection, enable people to more easily share their files and printers within the network, and help with overall network security.

Home Networking (အိမ္သုံး ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ network) network အဂၤ်င္နီယာမ်ားကပင္ Network မ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ေပးၾကျပီး ၊ ထိန္းသိမ္း ျပဳဳျပင္ေပးၾကသည္။ အိမ္သုံးကြန္ယက္စံနစ္ကုိ ထုံးတမ္းစဥ္လာမ်ားအရ Network တပ္ဆင္သုံး အိမ္ပုိင္ရွင္မွ ပုိင္ဆုိင္ၾကပါသည္။  အနည္းငယ္ေသာ လူတစ္စု (သုိ႔) နည္းပညာရွင္မ်ား မဟုတ္ၾကသူမ်ား ျဖစ္ၾကပါသည္။ Broadband router (wifi စက္) အမ်ားစုမွာ ကုမၸဏီအမ်ားစု မတူညီေသာ  အိမ္သုံး Network မ်ားအတြက္ ရည္ရြယ္ျပီး တပ္ဆင္ထားၾကပါတယ္၊ Broadband Internet( ျမန္ႏႈန္းျမင့္ ၂၄ နာရီလုံးခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ အင္တာနက္လုိင္း) မ်ားကုိအသုံးျပဳျပီး အိမ္သုံး အင္တာနက္ၾကိဳးမဲ့လုိင္းစက္ (broadband routers) မွ အိမ္ခန္းတစ္ခန္းႏွင့္တစ္ခန္းကုိ ျပည့္၀ေသာ လုိင္းအားျပည့္ စနစ္မ်ားျဖင့္ တျပိဳင္တည္း ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပး ထားၾကပါတယ္၊ အဲဒီ (Network) ကြန္ယက္ အတြင္းမွာဘဲ Printers မ်ား ၊ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ား လြယ္ကူစြာပင္ ေမွ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲျခင္းေပးပုိ႔ႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ Network လုံျခဳံမွဳစံနစ္ကုိလည္း ကူညီေပးႏုိင္ၾကပါတယ္။

Home networks have increased in capability with each generation of new technology. Years ago, people commonly set up their home network just to connect a few PCs, share some documents and perhaps a printer. Now its common for households to also network game consoles, digital video recorders, and smartphones for streaming sound and video. Home automation systems have also existed for many years, but these too have grown in popularity more recently with practical systems for controlling lights, digital thermostats and appliances.

Home networks (အိမ္သုံး Network) စံနစ္မွာ   မ်ိဳးဆက္တစ္ခုခ်င္းစီ၏ နည္းပညာအသစ္ စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္မ်ားဟာ အစဥ္ဖြံ႕ျဖိဳးတိုးတက္လွ်က္ရွိေနပါတယ္။ လြန္ခဲ့ေသာ ႏွစ္မ်ားစြာက ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ Home network ကုိ လက္ရွိအသုံးျပဳမည္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအတြက္သည္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ေပးထားေလ့ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားႏွင့္ Printer မ်ားကုိ မွ်ေ၀သုံးစြဲျခင္းမ်ားလည္း ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အခုကာလမွာေတာ့ အိမ္ေထာင္စုမ်ားအတြက္ Network ဂိမ္းကစားျခင္းမ်ား၊ ဗီြဒီယုိမွတ္တမ္းမ်ား၊ Smartphone မ်ားမွ အသံႏွင့္ ဗြီဒီယုိမ်ားကုိ တုိက္ရုိက္ၾကည့္ရႈအသုံးျပဳေနၾကပါျပီ၊ အလုိအေလ်ာက္ အိမ္သုံးစံနစ္မ်ားတြင္လည္း အဲဒီႏွစ္မ်ားစြာအတြက္ ရွိႏွင့္ခဲ့ျပီးလည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ ဒါေပမဲ့လုိ႔ အဲ့ဒီစနစ္ဟာ အလြန္အမင္းဘဲ ေခတ္ေရစီးအရ ၾကီးထြားျမန္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ မီးပြိဳင့္မ်ား၊ ဒီစကုိမီးမ်ား၊ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္းဟာလည္း လက္ေတြ႕က်ေသာ Network စံနစ္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဒီဂ်ီတယ္ အပူခ်ိန္တုိင္းကိရိယာမ်ား၊ မီးဖုိေခ်ာင္သုံးပစၥည္းမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။

 

Business Networks

Small and home office (SOHO) environments use similar technology as found in home networks. Businesses often have additional communication, data storage, and security requirements that require expanding their networks in different ways, particularly as the business gets larger. Whereas a home network generally functions as one LAN, a business network tends to contain multiple LANs. Companies with buildings in multiple locations utilize wide-area networking to connect these branch offices together. Though also available and used by some households, voice over IP communication and network storage and backup technologies are prevalent in businesses. Larger companies also maintain their own internal Web sites, called intranets to help with employee business communication.

Business Networks (စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းသုံး ကြန္ယက္) ေသးငယ္ေသာ ရုံးမ်ား၊ အိမ္မ်ား၏ ပတ္၀န္းက်င္တြင္ တူညီေသာ network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မူကုိ အေျခခံခဲ့ပါတယ္။ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး ကြန္ယက္ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳကုိ ထပ္တုိးခ်ဲမႈ ရွိခဲ့ပါတယ္။ အခ်က္လက္မ်ား သုိေလွာင္ျခင္း၊ လုံျခဳံေရး လုိအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ျဖည့္ဆည္းဖုိ႔ သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕ Network မ်ားကုိ အျခားေသာ နည္းလမ္းမ်ားျဖင့္  တုိးခ်ဲခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္၊ အစဥ္သျဖင့္ သူတုိ႔ရဲ႕စီးပြားေရးမ်ား ပုိျပီး ၾကီးမားလာခဲ့ပါတယ္။ Home Network မ်ားကုိ ေယဘူယအားျဖင့္ Lan (Local area Network) တစ္ခုတည္းျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ လုပ္ကုိင္ၾကပါတယ္။ Business Network စီးပြားေရး ကြန္ယက္မွာေတာ့ LANs အမ်ားအျပားကုိ ပါရွိဖုိ႔ ေဆာင္ရြက္ၾကပါတယ္၊ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားမွာ ၄င္းအေဆာက္အဦး၏ တည္ေဆာက္ပုံအရ ေနရာအမ်ားအျပားကုိ Wide-area-network (ေနရာက်ယ္က်ယ္ျပန္႔ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း) စံနစ္ကုိ သုံးျပီး သူတုိ႔၏ ရုံးခဲြမ်ားကုိ အတူတကြ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္လုပ္ေဆာင္ၾကပါတယ္။ အခ်ိဳ႕အိမ္ေထာင္စုမ်ား ၄င္းစံနစ္ကုိ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ အသုံးျပဳၾကပါတယ္၊ (Voice over IP) အုိင္ပီစံနစ္ျဖင့္ အသံျဖင့္ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း ႏွင့္ Network တြင္ သိမ္းဆည္းျခင္းႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကုိ နည္းပညာျဖင့္ Backup သိမ္းဆည္းေပးျခင္း။ ပုိျပီးၾကီးမားေသာ ကုမၸဏီမ်ားမွာလည္း သူတုိ႔၏ ကိုယ္ပုိင္ Website မ်ားကုိ ထိန္းသိမ္း ေစာက္ေရွာက္ၾကပါတယ္၊ Intranets ဟုေခၚေသာ မိမိကုမၸဏီ၏ စီးပြားေရး ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္း သီးသန္႕စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ားမွ ကုမၸဏီ ၀န္ထမ္းမ်ားကုိ ကူညီေပးေစပါတယ္။

Networking and the Internet

The popularity of computer networks sharply increased with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. Public Web sites, peer to peer (P2P) file sharing systems, and various other services run on Internet servers across the world.

ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Networking စံနစ္ သိသိသာသာ ေရပန္းစားခဲ့ မွဳဟာ  ၁၉၉၀ ခု အေစာပုိင္းမွာ WWW( World Wide Web) စံနစ္တီထြင္လာမွဳေၾကာင့္ပါဘဲ။ ျပည္သူပုိင္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ား ၊ Peer to peer (P2P) မွ ဖုိင္မ်ား မွ်ေ၀ျခင္းစံနစ္၊ ႏွင့္ အေရးျပီး အျခားေသာ ၀န္ေဆာင္မွဳမ်ားကုိ အင္တာနက္ Sever မွတဆင့္ ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္းလုံးအတြက္ အက်ိဳးျဖစ္ေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။

Wired versus  Wireless Networking

Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. More recently, however, wireless alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks, in part to support smartphones and the other new kinds of wireless gadgets that have triggered the rise of mobile networking.

ၾကိဳးစံနစ္ ႏွင့္ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္း၊ Network Protocols အမ်ားအျပားမွာ တူညီေသာ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳမာ်း ရွိၾကပါတယ္။ ဥပမာ၊ TCP/IP, ၄င္းစံနစ္ဟာ အင္တာနက္စံနစ္ကုိၾကိဳး (သုိ႕) ၾကိဳးမဲ့ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မႈအတြက္ပါ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးႏုိင္ပါတယ္။ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊ အိမ္မ်ား၊ ေက်ာင္းမ်ားအတြက္ Ethernet ၾကိဳးစံနစ္  Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းကုိ ဆယ္စုႏွစ္မ်ားစြာျဖတ္သန္းေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ပုိျပီး ပစၥဳပၸန္က်တာကေတာ့ ၾကိဳးမဲ့ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျခင္းစံနစ္ဟာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Network ခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳ နယ္ပယ္အသစ္တြင္ နည္းပညာ၏ ပထမတန္းအဆင့္မွာ ရပ္တည္ခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ၄င္းစံနစ္မ်ားတြင္ Smartphone အေထာက္အပံ့တစ္ခုပင္ျဖစ္ျပီး ၾကိဳးမဲ့ ဆက္စပ္ပစၥည္းအသြင္သစ္မ်ားလည္း Mobile Networking နယ္ပယ္အသစ္တစ္ခုအတြက္ အစပ်ိဳးေျခလွစ္သစ္တစ္ခုကုိ စတင္ေပးခဲ့သည္မဟုတ္ပါလား....။

လူေတြရဲ႕ေန႕စဥ္ဘ၀ႏွင့္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအခန္းက႑မ်ားဆက္စပ္ပုံ (ေဆာင္းပါး)

    

 ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆုိတာဟာ သိပၸံပညာက ေပးလုိက္တဲ့ ထူးျခားအံ့ၾသဖြယ္ေကာင္းတဲ့လက္ေဆာင္တစ္ခုပါဘဲ၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစက္ပစၥည္းမ်ား ဟာ Charles Babbage က မူလအစတီထြင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ ႏုိင္ငံေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ား မ်ားမွာလည္း ကြန္ပ်ဴတာပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာေတြဟာ အလြန္ျမန္ဆန္စြာနဲ႕တုိးတက္လာပါတယ္။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အတြက္ ပရုိဂရမ္ေရးသားမႈဟာ အေရးပါအရာေရာက္ပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆုိလုိက္ရင္ ျမန္ဆန္မႈ၊ တိက်မွန္ကန္မႈ၊ သက္ေတာင့္သက္တာရွိမႈ၊ ျပည္ျပည္စုံစုံရွိျခင္း၊ ဒါေတြနဲ႕ ျပည့္၀ေနပါတယ္။

   မိမိရဲ႕တေန႔တာ အလုပ္ကိစၥမ်ား အိမ္ကိစၥ၊ ရုံး၊ ကုမၸဏီကိစၥရပ္မ်ားကုိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကလုပ္ေဆာင္ျပီးေျမာက္ 
ပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနည္းပညာဟာ စက္မႈဇုံႏွင့္ နည္းပညာထုတ္ကုန္မ်ားၾကား သူငယ္ခ်င္းသဖြယ္ ကူးလူးဆက္ဆံေနၾကပါတယ္၊ ရုံးေတာ္ေတာ္မ်ားမ်ား၊ အေရာင္းဆုိင္မ်ား၊ စက္မႈွဇုံေတြမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ အသုံးျပဳေနၾကပါတယ္၊ အင္တာနက္ဟာလည္းပဲ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား၏ သုိေလွာင္ရုံၾကီးပါဘဲ၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဟာ ေနရာေဒသ၊ နယ္ပယ္အသီးသီးမွာ အားလုံးနဲ႕ ၀င္ဆန္႔ေနပါေတာ့တယ္၊ ဆက္သြယ္ေရး စနစ္ႏွင့္ျဂိဳလ္တုဆက္သြယ္စနစ္မ်ားဟာလည္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာနည္းပညာလုပ္ေဆာင္ပုံခ်င္းဟာ တူညီေန ပါတယ္၊ ယေန႕ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဟာဆုိရင္ ကမၻာၾကီးတခုလုံးကုိ ရြာတစ္ရြာသဖြယ္ျဖစ္သြားေအာင္ျပဳလုပ္ လုိက္တာ ပါဘဲ။

    ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဆုိတာဟာ သိပၸံပညာက ေပးလုိက္တဲ့ ထူးျခားအံ့ၾသဖြယ္ေကာင္းတဲ့လက္ေဆာင္တစ္ခုပါဘဲ၊ ၄င္းဟာဆုိရင္ လွ်ပ္စစ္ပစၥည္းတစ္ခုျဖစ္ျပီး အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားအား သိမ္းဆည္းျခင္း၊ ျပန္လည္ရွာေဖြယူျခင္း မ်ား ကုိျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ တြက္ခ်က္မႈအတြက္ဆုိရင္ အလုိအေလ်ာက္အလုပ္လုပ္ေသာ စက္ၾကီးမ်ားကုိ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ရန္အတြက္ အသုံးျပဳႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ Charles Babbage က 1812 ခုႏွစ္တြင္ ပထမဦးဆုံး ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစက္ကုိ တီထြင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ အဲဒီေနာက္ပုိင္း George Boole က 1854 မွာ ထပ္မံ မြန္းမံခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ Howard ႏွင့္ Aitten တုိ႔က 1937 တဖန္ျပဳျပင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ Dr. John Nouchly ႏွင့္ J. P. Eckert တုိ႔က 1946ခုတြင္ အသီးသီး အဆင့္ဆင့္မြန္းမံျပဳျပင္ခဲ့ၾကပါတယ္၊ အဲ့ဒီကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ First Generation Equipment ဟု အမည္ေပးခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ ယေန႔ေခတ္တြင္ (၅)ဆက္ေျမာက္ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ လူတို႔ဉာဏ္ရည္ကို ကြန္ပ်ဴတာျဖင့္ စီစဥ္တုပမႈ ထုတ္လုပ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ မ်ိဳးဆက္တစ္ခုတုိင္းတြင္ ယခင္ကထက္ ပုိျပီး ေသးငယ္ျခင္း၊ ေပ့ါပါးျခင္း၊ပုိျပီးျမန္ဆန္လာျခင္း၊စြမ္းေဆာင္ရည္ပုိမုိျမင့္မားလာျခင္းတုိ႔ ျဖစ္လာေစပါတယ္၊ ယခုေခတ္အ သုံးျပဳေနေသာ မွတ္စုစာအုပ္အရြယ္ ပုံစံအထိေရာက္လာခဲ့ျပီး မဟုတ္ပါလား၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ စုိးမုိးမႈကာလကုိ 1970 ခုလုိေျပာရမွာပါဘဲ၊ လူသားမ်ားရဲ႕ ေန႔စဥ္လုပ္ေဆာင္မႈ ေနရာမ်ားႏွင့္ ယွဥ္တြဲျပီး ၀င္ေရာက္လာခဲ့ျပီးမဟုတ္ပါလား၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အတြက္ ပရုိဂရမ္ေရးသားမႈဟာ အေရးပါအရာေရာက္ပါတယ္။

  ပရုိဂရမ္ေရးသားျခင္းမ်ားကုိ software engineer မ်ားက ေရးသားၾကပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာပရုိဂရမ္မ်ားဟာ ျပီးျပည့္စုံေသာ ညႊန္ၾကားခ်က္အ စီအစဥ္မ်ားျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးၾကပါတယ္၊ ၄င္းအျပင္ ျပႆနာမ်ား ကုိ လက္ခံေျဖရွင္းေပးၾကပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ Software မ်ားကုိ ေအာက္ပါဘာသာစကားမ်ားျဖင့္ ေရးသားၾကပါတယ္ BASIC, COBOL, FOR TRAN, C, C++, JAVA ႏွင့္ Visual Basic တုိ႔ ျဖစ္ၾကပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဟုဆုိလုိက္ရင္ ျမန္ဆန္မႈ၊ တိက်မွန္ကန္မႈ၊ သက္ေတာင့္သက္တာရွိမႈ၊ ျပည္ျပည္စုံစုံရွိျခင္း၊ ဒါေတြနဲ႕ ျပည့္၀ေနပါတယ္။

      ၄င္းဟာ  တစ္စကၠန္႕အတြင္းမွာ သန္းႏွင့္ခ်ီေသာ ညႊန္ၾကားခ်က္မ်ားကုိ မွားယြင္းမႈမရွိ ၊ မပ်က္မကြက္ျပီးေျမာက္ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးၾကပါတယ္။ လူသားမ်ားအေနျဖင့္ ရက္ေပါင္းမ်ားစြာ လုပ္ေဆာင္ရမည့္ အလုပ္မ်ားကုိ မိနစ္အနည္းငယ္ျဖင့္ ေဆာင္ရြက္တြက္ခ်က္ႏုိင္စြမ္းရွိၾကပါတယ္၊ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိ ခက္ခဲ့ျပီး ရႈပ္ေထြးေသာ တြက္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ကူညီေျဖရွင္းေပးပါတယ္ ။ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာတြင္ ၾကီးမားကုိ မွတ္ညဏ္ပါရွိပါသည္။ ၄င္းသည္ မ်ားျပားေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကုိ ထိမ္းသိမ္းထားႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ Microsoft ကုမၸဏီမွ Software နည္းပညာမ်ားကုိ စဥ္ဆက္မျပတ္ အရွိန္ျဖင့္ ထုတ္လုပ္ျပီး ကၽြမ္းက်င္ျပီး ခုိင္မာေသာ ေစ်းကြက္စာမ်က္တြင္ ဦးေဆာင္ရပ္တည္ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္းလုံး နည္းပညာ ျဖင့္ ၾကီးက်ယ္စြာ ေျပာင္းလဲေစ့မယ့္ ေျခလွမ္း ပါဘဲ၊ 

     ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစနစ္မ်ားက ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိ အခ်ိန္တုိအတြင္း တိတိက်က် အက်ိဳးမ်ားေစရန္ေထာက္ပံ့ ကူညီပါတယ္။ Software မ်ားက ဆက္သြယ္ေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ရုပ္သံထုတ္လႊတ္ျခင္း ၾကားခံအျဖစ္ ေဆာင္ ရြက္ေပးပါတယ္။ႏွစ္ေပါင္း (၅၀) အထက္မနည္းေသာ ကာလမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ၏ ေနရာယူလာမႈ ပုံမွန္အားျဖင့္ ေနရာအသီးသီးမွာ လုပ္ေဆာင္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ မ်ားစြာေသာ လုပ္ရုိးလုပ္စဥ္ အလုပ္ကိစၥၥ လုပ္ေဆာင္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ဒီကေန႔မွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ ၾကား၀င္ေဆာင္ရြက္လာခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ သုံးျခင္းျဖင့္ ပုံမွန္ စာရြက္စာတန္းအလုပ္မ်ားကုိ ေလွ်ာ့ခ်ႏုိင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ အခု ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔၏ အလုပ္မ်ားကို ကြန္ပ်ဴတာျဖင့္ တုိက္ရုိက္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ျပီးေျမာက္ေစခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ ျမိဳ႕ျပၾကီးေတြမွာ ယာဥ္ေၾကာရႈပ္ေထြးမႈ မ်ားကုိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာျဖင့္ ထိမ္းခ်ဳပ္ ေျဖရွင္းေစပါတယ္၊ အလုိအေလ်ာက္ ဘဏ္ေငြထုတ္စနစ္မ်ား၊ ရထားဘူတာ ၀န္ထမ္း ေနရာမွာ ကြန္ပ်ဴစနစ္မ်ားက ၾကား၀င္ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေစပါတယ္၊ လက္မွတ္ျဖတ္ျခင္းႏွင့္ သတင္းထုတ္ျပန္ျခင္းမ်ား ပုိျပီးထိထိေရာက္ေရာက္ျဖစ္ေစျပီး အဆင္ေခ်ာေမြ႕ေစပါ တယ္။  အမ်ိဳးမ်ိဳးေသာ ဂိမ္း ကစားနည္းမ်ားကလည္း ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမွာ ကစားႏုိင္ပါတယ္ ဥပမာ၊ Chess ႏွင္ Card ဂိမ္းမ်ား။

  ေဆး၀ါးက႑တြင္ ေရာဂါမ်ားအမ်ိဳးအမည္ကုိ ခဲြျခားစမ္းသပ္ျခင္း၊ ၄င္းက႑မ်ားတြင္လည္း ကြန္ပ်ဴတာျဖင့္ ေရာဂါျဖစ္ေသာ ေနရာ ၊ အေၾကာင္းအရာအတိက်ကုိ ရွာေဖြျခင္း၊ ျဖစ္စဥ္အတုိင္း မဟုတ္ေသာ ေရာဂါ လိင္ႏွင့္ ပါတ္သတ္ေသာ ကူးစက္ေရာဂါမ်ား ရွာေဖြျခင္းမ်ားကုိ လုပ္ေဆာင္ေပးပါတယ္၊ စီပြားေရးႏွင့္ပါတ္သတ္ေသာ အခ်က္အလက္မ်ားေရးသြင္းျခင္း၊ ၾကီးမားေသာ စာရင္းဇယားမ်ားကုိ လြယ္ကူစြာျဖင့္ ရွာေဖြႏုိင္ျခင္းကုိ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ အသုံးျပဳျခင္းျဖင့္ ရရွိေစမွာပါ။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာဟာ နည္းပညာႏွင့္သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ား ေနာက္ခံေက်ာရုိးၾကီး တစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္ရွိေနခဲ့ ပါတယ္၊  အဓိကေတာ့ အင္တာနက္ပါဘဲ ၊ အင္တာနက္မွာ  ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ ေန႕စဥ္ဘ၀ကုိ ျဖတ္သန္းမႈ လုိအပ္ခ်က္မ်ား အခ်ိဳ႕ေသာ အသုံး၀င္သည့္ ေလွ်ာက္လႊာပုံစံ မ်ားကုိရယူႏုိင္မွာပါ၊ တမ်ိဳးအေနကေတာ့ ရထားလက္မွတ္ရယူျခင္းႏွင့္Online မွ ေလယာဥ္လက္မွတ္မ်ား ၾကိဳတင္မွာယူျခင္းမ်ားကုိ ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ဒီစနစ္က နာရီမ်ားစြာ မတ္တပ္ရပ္ေစာင့္ဆုိင္းရျခင္းမ်ားကုိ သက္သာခြင့္ရေစမွာပါ၊ အလုပ္ေလွ်ာက္ျခင္း မ်ားကုိ လည္း ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္မွာပါ၊ ေက်ာင္း၀င္ခြင့္ေလွ်ာက္ထားျခင္း၊ ေကာလိပ္အတြက္ ေဖာင္ျဖည့္ျခင္း မ်ားကုိ Online မွတဆင့္ ျပဳလုပ္ျခင္းမ်ား၊ ဒါဟာ အခ်ိန္နဲ႕ စြမ္းအင္ကုိ ေခၽြတာျခင္းပါဘဲ၊ ေနာက္ျပီးေတာ့ စာေမးပြဲ ရလဒ္(အဆင့္ျမင့္အတန္း၀င္ခြင့္)ကုိ အင္တာနက္မွ ၾကည့္ရႈႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ အေကာက္ခြန္ခ ေရးျဖည့္ျခင္းမ်ား ကုိလည္း အင္တာနက္မွျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ၀င္ေငြခြန္ႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္ျပီးေတာ့ ၀င္ေငြခြန္ေဆာင္ျခင္း ကုိအင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမွာ Download ရယူႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ကမၻာအႏွံ႔ကြန္ပ်ဴတာမ်ားၾကား အခ်င္းခ်ိတ္ဆက္မွဳမ်ား။

     ဥပမာ။ အင္တာနက္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၏ အျပည့္အ၀ေျပာင္းလဲမူမ်ား၊ ထင္ျမင္ယူဆခ်က္မ်ား အမ်ားသေဘာတူညီေစခဲ့ပါတယ္။ ကမၻာအႏွံ႕ရွိ ရုံးခန္းမ်ားမွ ခ်ိတ္ဆက္ထားေသာ  ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ကြန္ယက္မ်ားကုိ  ျဖတ္သန္းျပီး ရုပ္လုံးေပၚမူႏွင့္ အသံပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာမ်ား  ၀င္ေရာက္အသုံး ျပဳ  အက်ိဳးသက္ေရာက္ေစရန္။ အလြယ္တကူျဖင့္ အင္တာနက္မွ သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္မ်ားကုိ ရယူႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ၄င္းဟာ ေက်ာင္းသား/သူ မ်ားအတြက္ အေျပာက်ယ္၀န္းေသာ ဗဟုသုတပင္လယ္ၾကီးပင္ျဖစ္ပါေတာ့တယ္၊ ၄င္းဟာအလြန္ၾကီးမားေသာစာၾကည့္တုိက္လည္း ျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ 

     စာေမးပြဲေျဖဆုိရမည့္ ေက်ာင္းသား/သူမ်ားအတြက္ အင္တာနက္ ဟာ အကူအညီျဖစ္ေစပါတယ္၊ အေ၀းေရာက္ ပညာသင္ၾကားေရးစံနစ္မွာလည္း မိမိယူထားသည့္ ဘာသာရပ္အလိုက္ အင္တာနက္မွ
 ေလ့လာသင္ယူႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ႏုိင္ငံျခားသကၠသုိလ္၀င္ခြင့္ေျဖဆုိရာမွာလည္း အင္တာနက္ဟာ ျမန္ဆန္ျပီး ၊ ေငြေၾကးကုန္က်မႈမ်ားလည္း သက္သာေစပါတယ္၊ မည့္သည္ေဒသအတြက္မဆုိ ပထ၀ီ၀င္သေဘာတရား မ်ား သဘာ၀ပတ္၀န္းက်င္ ဆုိင္ရာ အခ်က္အလက္စုေဆာင္းမႈကုိလည္း မ်ားစြာေထာက္ကူျပဳေစပါတယ္၊
 ေျပာရမယ္ဆုိရင္ေတာ့ သင္ဘ၀တသက္တာအတြက္ ဘ၀လက္တြဲေဖာ္ ရွာမယ္ဆုိရင္လည္း ကမၻာတ၀ွမ္းလုံးနဲခ်ိတ္ဆက္ျပီးစကားေျပာခန္းမ်ား(Chat)ဟာလည္း တစ္ခုအပါအ၀င္ပါဘဲ။

      အင္တာနက္ရဲ႕အေရးပါအရာေရာက္မူဟာဆုိရင္ အနာဂါတ္အတြက္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ရန္အေကာင္းဆုံး လမ္းေၾကာင္းျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းကုိ အိႏၵိယႏုိင္ငံအေနျဖင့္ သိျပီးျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အရမ္းအေရးၾကီးဆုံးညႊန္းဆုိခ်က္ ဆုိရာတြင္   အင္တာနက္ႏွင့္ ဆက္စပ္ေသာ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကုိ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းရွင္မ်ားက အကြက္ေက်ာ္ သိျမင္ျပီး လုပ္ကုိင္ေၾကာင္းကုိ သိေစပါတယ္၊ E-commerce ဆုိတဲ႔ Online မွာ ေရာင္းျခင္း ၀ယ္ျခင္း လုပ္ငန္းမ်ား ကလည္း အိႏၵိယႏုိင္ငံမွာ ေရးပန္းစား လူၾကိဳက္မ်ားေသာ နည္းလည္းျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ဒီစနစ္ဟာ အခ်ိန္ႏွင့္တေျပးညီ ေဆာင္ရြက္ႏုိင္ျခင္း၊ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သတ္ျပီး ကုန္ပစၥည္းမွာယူျခင္း၊ ေရာင္း၀ယ္ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ ေစ်းႏႈန္းသက္သာစြာျဖင့္ ကမၻာေစ်းကြက္မွာ ကုန္သြယ္ခြင့္ကုိ အခြင့္အေရးရရွိေစပါတယ္၊ E-commerce စနစ္က ကူညီမူျဖင့္ ရွဳေထာင့္အသီးသီးမွ စားသုံးသူမ်ား ၏ရင္တြင္းဆႏၵႏွင့္ထပ္တူက်ေစေသာ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းအပါအ၀င္ ၊ ကုန္ပစၥည္းမ်ား အေရာင္းျမွင့္ တင္ျခင္း၊  ေၾကာ္ျငာျခင္း၊ ကုန္ပစၥည္းမွာယူျခင္း၊ အေကာက္ခြန္ေဆာင္ျခင္း၊ ႏုိင္ငံကူးသေဘၤာဆိပ္ကမ္းမ်ား၊ အျခားေသာ ေငြေပးေခ်ျခင္း ကိစၥရပ္မ်ားတုိ႔ျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ ျပည္နယ္အစုိးရႏွင့္ ဗဟိုအစုိးရအဖြဲ႕မ်ားမွ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ ပညာေရးသင္ၾကားေရးစနစ္ကုိ ဦးစားေပး ေဖာ္ေဆာင္လွ်က္ရွိပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အသုံးခ် Software မ်ားေရးသားျခင္းမ်ားကုိ တရား၀င္ ျပိဳင္ပြဲမ်ား က်င္းပေပးျပီး ကၽြမ္းက်င္ေသာ ပညာရွင္မ်ားေမြးထုတ္ေပးလွ်က္ရွိပါတယ္၊ အိႏိၵယႏုိင္ငံ၏ ၾကီးက်ယ္ခန္းနားေသာ ညီလာခံမွ တုိင္းျပည္၏ ပထမအဆင့္ညီလာခံမွကူညီမႈျဖင့္ နည္းပညာလုိအပ္ခ်က္မ်ားကုိ ျဖည့္ဆည္းေပးလွ်က္ရွိေနပါတယ္။ 

    ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအသုံးခ်မႈလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားက စာစီစာရုိက္အလုပ္မ်ားစြာကုိလည္း ဖန္တီးႏုိင္ခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ Software ေရး သားေသာ အလုပ္မ်ား၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ စက္ပစၥည္းမ်ားႏွင့္ Software ျပဳျပင္ျခင္း ၊ ထည့္သြင္းျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားျဖင့္ အသက္ေမြး၀မ္းေက်ာင္းႏုိင္ျခင္း ကၽြမ္းက်င္အတတ္ပညာရွင္မ်ားကုိလည္း ေပၚေပါက္ေစပါတယ္၊ ၄င္း၏ အက်ိဳးဆက္အေနျဖင့္ အံ့ၾသတုန္လႈပ္ဖြယ္ေကာင္းေလာင္ေအာင္ပင္ လူငယ္၊ လူရြယ္မ်ားအတြက္ စီးပြားေရး မ်ားတြင္ စြန္႕စားလုိစိတ္မ်ား ကုိ ျဖစ္ေပၚေစခဲ့ပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစနစ္မွ ကၽြန္ေတာ္တုိ႔ကုိ အက်ိဳးရလဒ္မ်ား စြာ ရရွိေစပါတယ္၊ ၄င္းတုိ႔ကုိ သုံးျပီး စာစီစာရုိက္လုပ္ငန္းမ်ားအျဖစ္အသုံးျပဳႏုိင္ျခင္း၊ တယ္လီေမာ္ဒမ္မ်ားကုိ အသုံးျပဳျပီး ကမၻာတစ္ဘက္ျခမ္းမွာ ရွိေနေသာ သူမ်ားႏွင့္ ေတြဆုံစကားေျပာဆုိႏုိင္ရန္လည္း အေထာက္အ ကူျပဳပါတယ္။

     ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအသုံးခ် အင္တာနက္မွ ဖုန္းေခၚဆုိျခင္း၊ ရုပ္ျမင္ ေတြ႕ဆုံျခင္းမ်ားကလည္း ျဖစ္လာ ပါႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ အင္တာနက္စံနစ္က ေ၀းကြာေနေသာ မိသားစုမ်ားအၾကား ေတြဆုံထိေတြ႕ခြင့္ကုိလည္း ကူညီေပးပါတယ္၊ တစ္ခုအေနျဖင့္ကေတာ့ ထင္ေပၚေၾကာ္ၾကားေနေသာ ပုဂၢိဳလ္မ်ား၏ သတင္းအခ်က္အ လက္မ်ားကုိလည္း အလြယ္တကူျဖင့္ အင္တာနက္ေပၚမွ ရွာေဖြဖတ္ရႈႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ အစုိးရအဖြဲ႕အစည္းမ်ား၏ ခ်မွတ္ထားေသာ ဥပေဒႏွင့္ ၀န္ေဆာင္မူမ်ားကုိလည္း ရယူသိရွိႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ကုန္သြယ္ျခင္းကိစၥရပ္မ်ား၊ အစည္းအေ၀းမ်ား ၊ ေစ်းကြက္ႏွင့္ပတ္သတ္ေသာ သတင္းမ်ား၊ ပညာေရးက႑မ်ား၊ အျခားအဖဲြ႕အစည္း မ်ားႏွင့္ ႏုိင္ငံေရးအေၾကာင္းအရာမ်ားကုိလည္း သိရွိခြင့္ရေစမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစံနစ္မ်ားဟာ သူငယ္ခ်င္းတစ္ေယာက္ကဲ့သုိ႔ပင္ သိပၸံႏွင့္ နည္းပညာ မ်ား၊ စက္မူဇုံမ်ား ဆီသုိ႔ အလုပ္ ၀င္ေရာက္ႏုိင္ရန္  သက္ေသခံေနပါတယ္။

     ကြန္ပ်ဴတာပညာရပ္မ်ားဟာ အင္တာနက္စနစ္မွတဆင့္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္း အခြင့္အလန္းမ်ားကုိ  တုိးခ်ဲ႕လုပ္ကုိင္ ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာစနစ္ကုိ အသုံးျပဳျခင္းျဖင့္ စီးပြားေရးလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားျဖစ္ၾကေသာ ဘဏ္၊ လွ်ပ္စစ္ျဖင့္ လုပ္ကုိင္ေသာ စာေပပုံႏွိပ္ျခင္း၊ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ၊ ဒီဇုိင္းပုိင္း ေဆာင္ရြက္ျခင္း၊ အ၀တ္အစား ဒီဇုိင္းဆြဲျခင္း ႏွင့္ အျခားလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားကုိလည္း လုပ္ကုိင္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ၄င္းအျပင္ ရထားမ်ား၊ ေလေၾကာင္းလုိင္းမ်ား၊ စစ္တပ္ပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာမ်ား၊ သုေတသနလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊ စာတုိက္ႏွင့္ တယ္လီဖုန္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊ မိုးေလ၀သခန္းမွန္းျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ား၊ ေဆးသိပၸံႏွင့္ စေတာ့ရွယ္ယာ ေရာင္း ၀ယ္ျခင္းလုပ္ငန္းမ်ားတြင္ အသုံးျပဳႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ စစ္တပ္ပုိင္းဆုိင္ရာတြင္ ေရဒါဖမ္းျခင္း၊ အေ၀းပစ္ အေျမွာက္၊ ဒုံးက်ည္ ပစ္လႊတ္ျခင္းမ်ားကုိ ထိန္းခ်ဳပ္ျခင္း၊ အျခားအေနျဖင့္ ေစ်း၀ယ္ ၊ ေစ်းေရာင္းျခင္းမ်ားအျပင္ ဂီတဆုိင္ရာ ျပဳလုပ္ခ်က္မ်ား ကုိလည္း လုပ္ကုိင္ႏုိင္ၾကပါတယ္။

    တယ္လီဖုန္းဆက္သြယ္ေရးစနစ္ ႏွင့္ ျဂိဳလ္တုစနစ္မ်ားတြင္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ အေျခခံျပီးလုပ္ေဆာင္ၾက ပါတယ္၊ကြန္ပ်ဴတာအသုံးျပဳႏုိင္မႈဟာအေရးပါအရာေရာက္ေက်းလက္ေဒသမ်ားတြင္မ်ိဳး ေစ့ ေအာင္ျမင္ျဖစ္ထြန္းျခင္း ရွိမရွိကုိ သုေတသနျပဳစမ္းသပ္ျခင္းမ်ိဳးကုိလည္း အေထာက္အကူျပဳေပးႏုိင္ ပါတယ္၊ အသီး အႏွံမ်ားႏွင့္ပါတ္သက္ျပီး ပုိး၀င္ေရာက္ဖ်က္ဆီးျခင္းမ်ားကုိ စီမံခန္႕ခြဲျခင္းျပဳလုပ္ရန္ႏွင့္ ေက်း လက္ဖြံ႕ျဖိဳးတုိးတက္မႈ အစီအစဥ္မ်ားကုိ လည္း ျပဳလုပ္ႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ တျခားတဘက္မွာေတာ့ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာကုိ မေကာင္းက်ိဳးျပဳတဲ့ဘက္အေနႏွင့္လည္း ရွိေနျပန္ပါတယ္၊ ဥပမာ။ အင္တာနက္ေပၚမွာ ျပစ္မႈက်ဴးလြန္မွဳမ်ိဳး လည္း မ်ားစြာရွိေနျပန္ပါတယ္၊ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အသုံးျပဳမႈမ်ားမွာ ရုိးရုိးစကားေျပာခန္းအျပင္ လိင္ကိစၥမ်ား အတြက္ အသုံးျပဳ ဆက္သြယ္ျခင္းမ်ိဳးလည္း ရွိေနႏုိင္ပါတယ္၊ ၄င္း လိင္အသားေပး အင္တာနက္ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ားလည္း သန္းႏွင့္ခ်ီျပီး ရွိေနျပန္ပါတယ္၊ ေျပာရမယ္ဆုိ လိင္အသားေပး ၊ လိင္မွဳ လွဳံေဆာ္ေသာ၊ စာမ်က္ႏွာမ်ားပင္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္၊ တဘက္က ေကာင္းက်ိဳးအေနျဖင့္ရွိေနသလုိ အဆုိးအေနျဖင့္လည္း ရိွေနႏုိင္ ပါတယ္၊ ဒီလုိအားျဖင့္ ကြန္ပ်ဴတာ အသုံးျပဳမႈမ်ားက ကမၻာၾကီးဟာ ရြာတစ္ရြာသဖြယ္ ျဖစ္တည္လုိ႕ေန ခဲ့ပါတယ္။

                                              အိႏၵိယႏုိင္ငံသတင္းေဆာင္ပါးမွ တုိက္ရုိက္ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိပါသည္။
http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/an-essay-on-the-role-of-computers-in-everyday-life/1194/